El autor nos plantea las ideas sobre la naturaleza que desarrolló Martí, las que forman parte del universo más amplio de preocupaciones, intereses y lecturas que compartió con un número de jóvenes intelectuales de la región que se percibían como modernos, por una combinación de liberales en lo ideológico, demócratas en lo político, y patriotas en lo cultural. Afirma que Martí ofrece tres aportes de especial interés para una historia de lo ambiental como problema en nuestra cultura: sus observaciones acerca (...) de las interacciones entre la historia humana y la historia natural; su lectura de autores de la moderna cultura ambiental anglosajona y finalmente su incorporación de lo natural al campo de lo político. (shrink)

El autor define primeramente que lo ambiental como objeto de estudio histórico– constituye un campo en formación, que se ocupa de las interacciones entre las sociedades humanas y el mundo natural, y de las consecuencias de esas interacciones para ambas partes a lo largo del tiempo. Para precisar la definición, explora la estructura interna del campo y el proceso que conduce a su formación. Postula luego que una historia ambiental latinoamericana enfrenta nuevos desafíos si aspira a ser universal, y que (...) ello es lo que le permitirá trabajar con aquellos que, en el marco de la cultura ecológica del Norte, comparten las mismas preocupaciones respecto al impacto de la civilización sobre el mundo natural. Sostiene finalmente que lo que está en juego es la necesidad de una historia planetaria. (shrink)

In this note, the problem of tracking random references and rejecting random perturbations in a quadrotor, both generated by an auxiliary system named exosystem, is solved by extending the deterministic tracking problem to the area of stochastic processes. Besides, it is considered that only a part of the state vector of the quadrotor is available through measurements. As a consequence, the state vector of the plant must be estimated in order to close the control loop. On this basis, a controller (...) to track random references and to reject random perturbations is developed by combining a Kalman filter to estimate the references and perturbations of an exosystem and an observer to estimate the states of a quadrotor. Besides, to obtain a more practical controller, the analysis is carried out in discrete time. Numerical simulations are used in a quadrotor to confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se propone rescatar la resistencia y la crítica al poder imperial romano del libro del Apocalipsis como una fuente fundamental para la teología moral cristiana, que lo convirtieron en un foco de luz que ilumina el camino de la conducta humana hacia un mundo mejor. Al mismo tiempo, ofrece pautas para la defensa de la vida en un entorno donde los totalitarismos políticos, económicos y religiosos atentan contra ella. Además, quiere destacar dicha resistencia y crítica como uno (...) de los factores generadores, y por tanto centrales, de la teología del Apocalipsis. Para ello se utilizarán los principios metodológicos de la lectura contextual que parten de la convicción según la cual el texto es una expresión de las vivencias comunitarias del hagiógrafo y de su actitud ante las circunstancias sociales que lo provocaron. El libro busca afectar el entorno, pero este también configura el contenido de la obra escrita. En un segundo momento, con el método se indaga qué de ese momento histórico puede iluminar el presente del lector. En el caso del Apocalipsis, se elegirán los textos en los que el autor presente los temas y actores principales de la trama, a saber: el ser supremo sentado en el trono, el cordero y el mal —simbolizado específicamente en el tercer jinete—, ya que en ellos se juega el mensaje del libro, la soberanía divina que humaniza o la soberanía diabólica deshumanizante. (shrink)

Este texto tiene por objetivo mostrar algunas de las condiciones que facilitan o complican el acceso al derecho a la educación, así como la permanencia de la escuela para familias jornaleras agrícolas migrantes en los tiempos del SARS-CoV- 2, considerando que gran parte del proceso de aprendizaje recae sobre las propias familias. Se realiza un análisis desde la cultura y la gramática escolar, contemplando las características de la escuela para estas familias y las posibilidades que tienen de responder a las (...) condiciones derivadas del programa oficial mexicano “Aprende en casa”. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo de alcance descriptivo, con entrevistas a hombres y mujeres de estas familias, con relación al conocimiento que tienen acerca de la pandemia, sobre las condiciones para hacer posible el cuidado necesario para no contagiarse y la escolarización para niñas y niños; se retomó información sobre las características de las familias y sus dinámicas, derivadas de investigaciones anteriores. Se encontró que algunos jornaleros y sus familias tienen acceso a información, que asumen la consigna de cuidado en tanto posibilidades materiales; y que por lo que ellos y ellas conocen, son pocas las posibilidades de escolarización en esta época. Se concluye con la necesidad de generar estrategias colectivas y buscar el apoyo de empresarios, sociedad civil y autoridades educativas. (shrink)

This study explores the experiences and challenges of students with hearing impairment in a Colombian university within the framework of inclusive education. Through a qualitative approach, the perceptions of students and their caregivers regarding admission policies, academic participation, and institutional and curricular environments were analyzed. The findings indicate that, although inclusion policies exist, they are not fully effective, presenting significant barriers to the access and participation of deaf students, such as insufficient availability of qualified interpreters, lack of curricular adjustments, and (...) lack of adequate infrastructure. In addition, participants pointed to attitudes of exclusion on the part of peers and university staff, as well as an institutional culture that does not fully promote diversity. The study suggests the need to strengthen inclusive strategies to guarantee the right to education in conditions of equality and respect for diversity in higher education. (shrink)

Seventeen essays make up the body of this anthology. Most of the authors are Latin Americans (although some of them work in other regions), and thus we might say that this volume is, in a very approximate sense, a showcase of recent Latin-American ontology and metaphysics. The remaining authors—Pierre Aubenque, Barry Smith, Lorenzo Peña and James Hamilton—are distinguished teachers who have had important contacts with the Latin-American philosophical community. The articles in this anthology address some of the central questions in (...) ontology and metaphysics: the possibility of a science of being (Aubenque), the different possible approaches to ontology (Hurtado), the recent application of ontology to informatics (Smith), guise theory and its Leibnizian antecedents (Herrera), the reduction of space and time to phenomenological properties (Rodríguez Larreta), the Newtonian ontology of space and time (Benítez and Robles), the relation between truth and the so-called “truth-makers” (Rodríguez Pereyra), the ontological position of the Pyrrhonic skeptic (Junqueira Smith), the limits and difficulties of metaphysical realism (Cabanchik, Pereda), the defense of physicalist or emergentist positions regarding the mental (Pérez), the metaphysical nature of persons (Naishtat), the ontology of cultural entities (Peña), political ontology (Nudler), the relation between ontology and literature (Hamilton), the ontology of art (Tomasini). Some of the works (e.g., those Aubenque and Robles) approach the question from a historical perspective: others examine the most recent philosophical literature on the problems focalized (e.g., those by Pérez and Rodríguez Pereyra), and others offer new approaches (e.g., those of Rodríguez Larreta, Peña or Nudler) to a specific problematic area. (shrink)

According to the dual inheritance theory, cultural learning in our species is a biased and highly efficient process of transmitting cultural traits. Here we define a model of cultural learning where social learning is integrated as a complementary element that facilitates the discovery of a specific behavior by an apprentice, and not as a mechanism that works in opposition to individual learning. In that context, we propose that the emergence of the ability to approve or disapprove of offspring behavior, orienting (...) their learning, transformed primate social learning into a cultural transmission system, like that which characterizes our species. Assessor teaching facilitates the replication and/or reconstruction of behaviors that are difficult to imitate and helps to determine which behaviors should be imitated. We also explore the form in which assessor teaching has conditioned the evolution of our abilities to develop cultures in the hominin line, converting us into individuals equipped with what we call a suadens psychology. Our main point is to defend the hypothesis that suadens psychology determines the stability and dynamics that affect the trajectories of many cultural characters. We compare our proposal with other theories about cultural evolution, specifically with dual inheritance theory and cultural attraction theory. (shrink)

One of the most important contributions of Einstein to the philosophy of science is the distinction between two types of scientific theories: ‘principle’ and ‘constructive’ theories. More recently, Flores proposed a more general distinction, classifying scientific theories by their functional role into ‘framework’ and ‘interaction’ theories, attempting to solve some inadequacies in Einstein’s proposal. Here, based on an epistemic criterion, we present a generalised distinction which is an improvement over Flores approach. In this work (i) we evaluate the shortcomings related (...) to Flores’s proposal, (ii) we present an epistemological criterion that opens the door for a more general classification of any scientific theory in all of the natural science into two distinct groups, which we call ‘mechanistic theories’ and ‘structural theories’, and (iii) we show that such a criterion is connected to Flores’ proposal while overcoming issues of all previous approaches. (shrink)

Investigating instances where lexical selection fails can lead to deeper insights into the cognitive machinery and architecture supporting successful word retrieval and speech production. In this paper, we used a multiplex lexical network approach that combines semantic and phonological similarities among words to model the structure of the mental lexicon. Network measures at different levels of analysis (degree, network distance, and closeness centrality) were used to investigate the influence of network structure on picture naming accuracy and errors by people with (...) Anomic, Broca's, Conduction, and Wernicke's aphasia. Our results reveal that word retrieval is influenced by the multiplex lexical network structure in at least two ways—(a) the accuracy of production and error type on incorrect productions were influenced by the degree and closeness centrality of the target word, and (b) error type also varied in terms of network distance between the target word and produced error word. Taken together, the analyses demonstrate that network science techniques, particularly the use of the multiplex lexical network to simultaneously represent semantic and phonological relationships among words, reveal how the structure of the mental lexicon influences language processes beyond traditionally examined psycholinguistic variables. We propose a framework for how the multiplex lexical network approach allows for understanding the influence of mental lexicon structure on word retrieval processes, with an eye toward a better understanding of the nature of clinical impairments, like aphasia. (shrink)

Mindreading capacity has been widely understood as the human ability to gain knowledge about the inner processes and states of others that bring about the behavior of these agents. This paper argues against this epistemic view of mindreading on the basis of different empirical studies in linguistics and social and developmental psychology: we are systematically biased in attributing mental states, and many everyday uses of mental ascription sentences do not reflect an epistemic function in our social interactions. We introduce an (...) alternative view of mental ascriptions, the social cover view, which is consistent with the evidence. The social cover view holds that the main function of mental ascriptions is to cover the social status and reputation of an agent rather than to gain knowledge about her inner processes and states. Finally, we discuss two possible objections to our proposal. (shrink)

This reflection on Ethics in One Hundred Years of Solitude is divided in two main parts and issues. In this, the first one, thanks to the intertextual method, the author makes a journey throughout the structure, the characters and the focus of the novel to argue that ethics described there by Gabriel García Márquez is rooted in biblical myths, and how its use is a tool that gives unity to the work, and allows the author to openly reveal the human (...) condition. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated a rapid escalation in the use of telepsychiatry. Herein we revisit some of the ethical issues regarding its use, including patient benefice, distributive justice, privacy, and autonomy. Based on these considerations we would hold that telepsychiatry is a vital aspect of providing psychiatric care, and ethically should be offered as a format for treatment, likely beyond the pandemic period. Investigative and advocacy efforts will need to continue to determine its exact role within psychiatric care, and (...) expand its availability for those most in need. (shrink)

Primera parte. Problemas teóricos en torno a la filosofia latinoamericana. A modo de introducción : la historia de las ideas en América Latina -- Breve trazo de un camino -- Crítica de la Crítica de la razón latinoamericana de Santiago Castro-Gómez -- Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot y José Luis Romero : historiografía e identidad latinamericana -- El colonialismo intelectual en América Latina y su crítica -- La historiografía como "carta de batalla" -- El rastacuerismo y nuestra cultura política -- La (...) secularización y la racionalización en hispanoamérica -- Filosofía y crisis -- Segunda parte. Filósofos y filosofías revisitados. El Ariel de José Enrique Rodó : su contexto, sus fuentes y sus críicas -- María Zambrano, José Gaos y la filosofía latinoamericana -- El problema de la recepción del pensamiento de Xavier Zubiri en Colombia -- Ernesto Sábato : crítica de la tecnolatría y religación de lo humano -- Guillermo Hoyos Vásquez...entre nosotros -- Pablo Guadarrama y la filosofía colombiana : un testimonio. (shrink)

The author argues that a continuing effort to avoid self-deception is the pre-requisite to any ethical analysis; that this effort cannot be altogether successful; that it is Iikely to even be dysfunctional in a variety of organizational contexts, perhaps particularly in the context of corporate middle management, but that it ought not therefore be ignored. It is contended that business ethicists should be committed to making the difficulties associated with self-scrutiny explicit. Finally, it is argued that in order to do (...) that Ilegitimately for the corporation, university based business ethicists must be willing to face up to parallel difficulties in the university generally and in the school of business in particular. (shrink)

This paper offers an exposition of Husserl's mature philosophy of mathematics, expounded for the first time in Logische Untersuchungen and maintained without any essential change throughout the rest of his life. It is shown that Husserl's views on mathematics were strongly influenced by Riemann, and had clear affinities with the much later Bourbaki school.

En este artículo analizo la aproximación “estética” de Malcolm Budd a la naturaleza, que sostiene que el modo correcto de experimentar la naturaleza es “como naturaleza” y no como arte. Estudio su relación con la idea kantiana de belleza libre y trato de mostrar que la belleza libre es un recurso teórico que deriva de la inevitable belleza dependiente. asimismo, basándome en la filosofía de Joseph Margolis, pretendo mostrar que “la naturaleza como naturaleza” es también un artefacto cultural.

O século XXI evidencia um impulso significativo de fusões entre ciência e tecnologia, ao contrário de outras etapas históricas. Os seres humanos e sua rotina estão se transformando devido às tecnociências. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem um duplo propósito: por um lado, contextualizar a inteligência artificial na órbita da quarta revolução industrial. E, por outro lado, examinar posturas sobre as divergências entre máquinas e humanos. As descobertas tornam evidente como as máquinas evoluem e adquirem sofisticação. Diante disso, em relação ao (...) humano, perspectivas a favor, contra e intermediárias tornam-se perceptíveis. Esse panorama torna inevitável a participação da bioética como espaço deliberativo e de encontro disciplinar. Sua contribuição é focada, promove o diálogo e fomenta medidas corretivas prévias de autocontrole. (shrink)

Discute a ação comunicativa como meio para reconstruir o entendimento da mediação da informação em relação à discussão da ideologia da técnica. Como método, apresenta uma pesquisa qualitativa baseada em uma pesquisa bibliográfica. A mediação da informação é entendida como um fenômeno emancipatório, analisado da base técnica ao saber-fazer, com uma perspectiva crítica da teoria da ação comunicativa. O estudo confirmou elementos para uma compreensão dialógica entre a técnica e a ação comunicativa, o que pode permitir uma orientação com base (...) em pretensões de validade argumentativa para mediação de tarefas práticas. Considerar a crítica dos instrumentos da ideologia da técnica, para que os usuários não sejam condicionados a normas ou regras, sem uma representação da realidade social, onde as ideias estão dissociadas dos processos sociais. (shrink)

Resumen: En este trabajo, se observa la variación fonética del fonema oclusivo bilabial sonoro en el español no estándar en una muestra de hablantes chilenos de ocho ciudades, cuyas ubicaciones geográficas permiten cubrir los principales sectores urbanos del país. En los resultados se evidencia un marcado uso del alófono aproximante labiodental sonoro en este tipo de habla y un comportamiento relativamente homogéneo en todo el país respecto de las principales variantes del fonema oclusivo bilabial sonoro. La comparación del fonema oclusivo (...) bilabial sonoro entre el español no estándar y el estándar muestra marcadas diferencias, datos que sugieren un cambio lingüístico en proceso desde el alófono aproximante bilabial sonoro al alófono aproximante labiodental sonoro.: In this study, we observed the phonetic variation of voiced bilabial occlusive phoneme in non-standard Spanish in a sample of Chilean speakers from cities whose geographical locations allow to cover the main urban sectors of the country. The results that show a marked use of voiced labiodental approximant allophone in this type of speech an a relatively homogenous behaviour in the whole country of the main variants of the voiced bilabial occlusive phoneme are presented. The comparison of voiced bilabial occlusive phoneme between non-standard and standard Spanish shows clear differences, data that suggest a linguistic change in process from voiced bilabial approximant allophone to voiced labiodental approximant allophone. (shrink)

Atendendo ao chamado de Heidegger por “outro início”, desde o pensamento originário grego, são reconsideradas as noções de paideia e de arete. À paideia exaustivamente investigada por Werner Jaeger é imposta a interpretação do próprio Heidegger e de Danielle Montet. Enquanto a arete é reexaminada através de uma nova luz lançada pela obra de António Caeiro. Enfim, devidamente preparado pelo pensamento inusual destes pensadores sobre paideia e arete, se reabre o debate sobre a possibilidade ou não da virtude ser ensinada. (...) Concluímos com Sócrates que definitivamente ela não pode ser ensinada, não ao modo pretendido dos sofistas e dos “modernos” pensadores e educadores, mas que sim há certamente possibilidade de uma “paideia da arete”. (shrink)

Las fuentes de energía no renovables (fósiles y nucleares) están doblemente limitadas, tanto por su finitud como por los perjuicios ecológicos y sociales que causan. Las fuentes de energía renovable tienen flujos en la biosfera muy grandes, sin embargo, los sistemas tecnológicos que las captan no son renovables y por tanto tienen limitaciones tecnológicas, ecológicas y sociales también. Aunque una buena parte de la literatura científica ha venido estimando que estos factores limitantes son pequeños frente a los políticos y económicos, (...) aquí se muestra que esta literatura ha venido sobreestimando la capacidad tecno-sostenible obtenible a lo largo del presente siglo, en buena medida por un tecno-optimismo implícito y una falta de pensamiento sistémico. Este potencial podría ser del orden de entre la mitad y la cuarta parte del uso actual de energía, lo que apunta, dada la necesaria transición hacia fuentes renovables por problemas ambientales, a un fuerte decrecimiento de la matriz energética que sostiene nuestras sociedades a escala global. (shrink)

El pasaje de la Elegía de Gray (PEG) en “On Denoting” es extremadamente obscuro y ha sido objeto de muy diversas interpretaciones. Aparentemente contiene una crítica devastadora contra la teoría de los conceptos denotativos que el propio Russell había postulado en The Principles of Mathematics (PM) (1903). En este artículo exponemos sucintamente dicha teoría semántica, examinamos detalladamente el pasaje en cuestión y exploramos algunas de las interpretaciones que pretenden desentrañar su sentido. Con ello mostramos, en primer lugar, que la crítica (...) se dirige directamente contra la teoría de PM; en segundo lugar, que no es posible hacer unos pocos cambios homogéneos para habilitar una lectura literal del pasaje; finalmente, que, si bien algunos de los argumentos que los intérpretes han aducido para abandonar la teoría de los conceptos denotativos son sólidos, no es obvio que todos ellos se encuentren en PEG. (shrink)

El concepto de autoestima ha ido cambiando a lo largo de los tiempos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar como el uso de este constructo para la investigación en salud en Brasil contribuyó a su sistematización conceptual y aplicabilidad clínica. Se trata de un estúdio descriptivo de revisión de la literatura; en el que se llegó a la conclusión de que la medición de la autoestima resultó ser eficiente en la conducción de la investigación en salud con diferentes audiencias, que (...) varían en edad, la ocupación, la relación con los perfiles sociodemográficos y de salud-enfermedad.. A concepção sobre autoestima foi mutável no transcorrer das épocas. O presente estudo teve por finalidade analisar como a utilização desse constructo pelas pesquisas em saúde no Brasil, contribuiu para sua sistematização conceitual e aplicabilidade clínica. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de revisão teórica; no qualse concluiu que, por ter um aspecto mais avaliativo, a mensuração daautoestima mostrou-se bastante eficiente na condução de pesquisas em saúde com diferentes públicos, variando em faixa etária, ocupação, relação com variáveis sociodemográficas, e perfis de saúde-doença. The concept of self-esteem has changed throughout times. The objective of this study is analyzing how the use of this construct in health research in Brazil contributed to its conceptual systematization and clinical applicability. It is a descriptive study of bibliographic review which led to the conclusion that, by having another evaluation aspect, measuring self-esteem turned out to be very efficient in conducting the health research with different audiences that vary in age, occupation and the relation with sociodemographic and health-disease profiles. (shrink)